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Article History

Received: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 9 May 2025

First Online: 24 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The CHARLS study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The research involving human participants was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients/participants prior to their involvement in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.