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Authors
Zhang, Danwei
Huang, Xiaoyan
Chen, Zihan
Liu, Yinan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2024J011123)
Joint Funds for the innovation of science and Technology, Fujian province (2024Y9545)
Fujian provincial health technology project (2023QNA065)
Science and Technology Innovation start-up Fund of Fujian Children's Hospital (YCXY202202)
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was exempted from review by Fujian Children’s Hospital Institutional Review Board as it used publicly deidentified data (NHANES data). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Ethics Review Board (ERB) reviewed and approved the NHANES survey protocol, and all participants provided written informed consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
