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Authors
Xie, Peilin
Lu, Zhongyuan
Xue, Shige
Miao, Mengrong
Fu, Saihao
Wang, Jiao
Yang, Yitian
Chen, Wan-Ming
Wu, Szu-Yuan
Zhang, Jiaqiang
Sun, Mingyang
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan (IRB No. IRB109-015-B). As the study used de-identified secondary data from the National Health Insurance Research Database and the Taiwan Cancer Registry, the requirement for informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
: This study was conducted using de-identified data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), a publicly available database in Taiwan… the study does not involve human participants directly.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
