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Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among individuals in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0–3: a cohort study from the NHANES 2001–2018

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-026-02099-y

Published Online: 2026-02-01

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Zhao, Yanni

Chen, Weikun

Wang, Yanfei

Zeng, Weifeng

Liu, Zhangaixi

Xu, Zengwei

Liu, Song

Mo, Junde

Peng, Jiayin

Tian, Binbin
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-02-01

Version of Record valid from 2026-03-02
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Article History

Received: 29 November 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 1 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Data collection for the NHANES was approved by the Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Research Ethics Review Board (ERB). An individual investigator utilizing the publicly available NHANES data do not need to file the institution internal review board (IRB).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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