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Article History

Received: 30 January 2026

Accepted: 21 March 2026

First Online: 29 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGHIRB No. E202516013). The study utilized de-identified patient data from the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network, a federated research network providing access to electronic health records from healthcare organizations. The TriNetX platform is compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and provides only aggregated counts and statistical summaries, ensuring patient privacy and confidentiality. Due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent from individual patients was waived by the IRB.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). All data presented are aggregate results from de-identified patient populations.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used Claude by Anthropic in order to refine language and formatting. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.