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Authors
Zhang, Roushan
Yu, Dianping
Liu, Xin
Xue, Hui
Xie, Jiajun
Wang, Li
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2026
Accepted: 14 July 2026
First Online: 30 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The CHARLS study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (Approval No.: IRB00001052-11015). The NHANES protocol was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
