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Article History

Received: 21 May 2025

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The FINRISK 2002 study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Helsinki and Uusimaa University Hospital District approved the FINRISK 2002 study. All participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: RK is a scientific advisory board member, and consultant for BiomeSense, Inc., has equity and receives income. He is a scientific advisory board member and has equity in GenCirq. He has equity in and acts as a consultant for Cybele. He is a co-founder of Biota, Inc., and has equity. He is a cofounder of Micronoma and has equity and is a scientific advisory board member. He is a board member of Microbiota Vault, Inc. He is a board member of N=1 IBS advisory board and receives income. He is a Senior Visiting Fellow of HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Diego in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. TN has received consulting or lecturing fees from AstraZeneca and Orion Corporation.