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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 16 April 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The study used publicly open data (competition results), retrieved from International Biathlon Union’s (IBU) database, which did not contain sensitive participant information, and therefore, ethics approval was not required for this study. IBU has approved the use of data for scientific purposes. The study adheres to the principles of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable. This study does not contain any data that could be linked to individual participants or require consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.