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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 29 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Sports Science Experiment Ethics Committee of Beijing Sport University (No. 2023138 H, 6/12/2023). Prior to participation, all individuals reviewed and signed informed consent forms, thereby confirming their understanding of the study’s objectives and procedures.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.