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Authors
Tokul, Erdi
Özçilingir, Özgün Miraç
Kaya, Kaan
Yilmaz, Elif Aybüke
Saray, Dolunay
Agascioglu, Eda Akkiz
Demirli, Abdullah
Erdem, Kamil https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-7691
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Article History
Received: 22 December 2025
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. The data that support the findings of this study are derived from publicly available and licensed sources. Match and formation data were obtained from OPTA Sportsdata and cross-validated using publicly accessible records from fbref.com ( ). League standings were obtained from the official websites of the respective national football federations. Due to licensing restrictions associated with OPTA Sportsdata, the raw datasets cannot be made publicly available. However, aggregated data and derived results supporting the conclusions of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
