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Article History

Received: 4 May 2026

Accepted: 27 July 2026

First Online: 7 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The data analysed in this study comprised anthropometric measurements and left hand-wrist radiographs obtained during routine, non-interventional annual athlete monitoring; no additional radiographic examination, intervention, or radiation exposure was performed for this study. The monitoring programme qualified for exemption from full ethics review, and the de-identified dataset used in the present secondary analysis was reviewed and approved for research use and publication by the Ethics Committee of the China Institute of Sport Science, General Administration of Sport of China (approval no. 2026051401). All procedures adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians, and assent from all participants, before testing.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifying data, images, or videos.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.