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Dry-land training in developmental competitive swimmers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative effects across three modalities, dose-response patterns, and associations between physical fitness and swimming-specific performance

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01971-8

Published Online: 2026-08-11

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Mou, Haocheng https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3186-0149
Huang, Jian https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4050-7685
Chen, Junnan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1087-2642
Wen, Tingyi https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9359-8504
Dong, Wenmei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-0231
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-08-11

Accepted Manuscript valid from 2026-08-11
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Article History

Received: 6 June 2026

Accepted: 7 August 2026

First Online: 11 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, as applicable to secondary research based exclusively on aggregate data from previously published studies, and was reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. The study did not involve the recruitment of new human participants, collection of primary human-participant data or human tissue, or access to identifiable individual-level information. Therefore, institutional ethics approval and consent to participate were not required.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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