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Article History

Received: 23 May 2026

Accepted: 27 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All e-sports players were given a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, the procedure to be followed, the potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw. All subjects who agreed to participate signed a written informed consent form before the study, and the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Uskudar University Noninvasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study protocol (Decision No: B.08.6.YÖK.2.ÜS.0.05.0.06/2018/844).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.