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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical clearance was granted by the Research Ethics Review Committee (RERC) of Wollega University, Institute of Health Sciences, under minute No: 123/2023/WURD. Given the study’s non-invasive nature and absence of clinical intervention, departmental clearance and RERC notification were deemed sufficient. Informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants following a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, confidentiality assurances, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. The RERC approved this consent process. Participant anonymity and confidentiality were strictly maintained throughout the research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.