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Authors
Simutanda, Cornelius
Wandira, Nelson
Mutelo, Luyando
Povia, Joreen P.
Hamooya, Benson M.
Funjika, Evelyn
Kirabo, Annet
Masenga, Sepiso K.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R01HL144941)
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine's Task Force on Outcome Studies in Laboratory Medicine
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (R21TW012635)
American Heart Association (24IVPHA1297559)
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Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 24 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Ref# SMHS-MU3-2023-024) and the National Health Research Authority of Zambia. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Permission to conduct the study was also granted by the management of Livingstone University Teaching Hospital. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was strictly maintained by anonymizing data and securing records. Individuals identified with impaired kidney function during the study were referred for appropriate clinical management in line with hospital protocols.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
