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Authors
Nzeribe, Emmanuella C.
Amadin, Iyobosa E.
Samuel, Olugbemisola W.
Asaolu, Stephen O.
Orya, Evelyn E.
Umar, Laila
Okoli, Deborah C.
Okagbue, Hilary I.
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Article History
Received: 10 August 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 8 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved secondary analysis of data obtained from the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). No primary data were collected, and the authors had no direct interaction with human participants. The MICS programme follows internationally recognized ethical standards, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the original surveys was obtained by UNICEF in collaboration with the relevant national ethics committees in each participating country, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The datasets used in this study were fully anonymized and publicly available; therefore, additional ethical approval and informed consent for this secondary analysis were not required under applicable national regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
