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Article History

Received: 9 October 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The present study did not involve the recruitment of human participants, the collection of human samples, or the use of identifiable human data. The bacterial strain used in this study was obtained from an established microbial repository, and no new human-derived materials were collected or analyzed as part of this work. Therefore, ethics approval and informed consent were not required for this study. All animal experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of National Taiwan Sport University (Taoyuan, Taiwan) with approval No. 11011. The experiment was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.