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Article History

Received: 27 November 2025

Accepted: 24 April 2026

First Online: 8 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) Research and Ethics Committee (Ref. No. DA282/298/02L/508). Additional permission to conduct the study was granted by Muhimbili National Hospital, the Regional Administration and Local Government of Ilala District, and the Office of the District Medical Officer. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all applicable national research ethics guidelines. Because the study used secondary data (retrospective design) extracted from routine hospital records, informed consent from individual participants was not required. The MUHAS Research and Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the waiver of informed consent. Strict measures were implemented to ensure privacy, confidentiality, and secure handling of patient information. All data were de-identified prior to analysis, and no personal identifiers were included in any reports, presentations, or publications.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.