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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 17 May 2026

First Online: 22 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (registered under No. EA2/163/23). As specified in the ethics proposal and explicitly approved by the Institutional Review Board of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin the ethics approval includes all participating facilities within the international TICU network consenting to data collection, therefore ethics approval was not obtained separately in the other participating countries. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in this study prior to participation. Participation was anonymous, no personal information was acquired. The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Conflicts of interest: Claudia Spies received support for the present manuscript from BMBF / RKI i.e. TICO-COVID-19; FUTURE-MOCCA; FUTURE UGA; FUTURE UZB; FUTURE ZAF; FUTURE UKR, FUTURE WASP (2020 – 2025), grants or contracts from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / German Research Society, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) /German Aerospace Center, Einstein Stiftung Berlin/ Einstein Foundation Berlin, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), Inneruniversitäre Forschungsförderung / Inner University Grants, Projektträger im DLR / Project Management Agency, Stifterverband/ Non-Profit Society Promoting Science and Education, European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (public/reviewed grant), BMWI - Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (ZIM, KF2027803KJ2), Georg Thieme Verlag (Payment for book contribution as author), Dr. F. Köhler Chemie GmbH (IIT; CESARO Study, Phydelio Study, LoveMi Study), Sintetica GmbH (IIT: PODSPA Study), Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) -Innovationsfond (2017 – 2020 ERIC (01NVF16011)), Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) -Innovationsfond (2019-2025 PRÄP-GO (01NVF18024)), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (ERONA 2019-2021), Stifterverband für die deutsche Wissenschaft e.V. / Metronic (E-Health shared decision allocation (2018-2024)), Philips ElectronicsNederland BV (2019 - 2023: ICU Feel Better App), BMBF - Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2020: CEO-sys ; EViPan Unimed; CODEX+; Prepared), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / German Research Society (2020-2026: “Heisenberg professorship”), Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) -Innovationsfond (2020-2023 SEPWISS), BMBF (2021-2022 STAIRS; STAIRS RHISSA 2023-2028), Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss / Federal Joint Committee (G-BA) –Innovationsfond (2022-2024 iWILL, 2022-2024 E=MC² (01VSF21035), 2023-2025 DigiPOD (01VSF22040)), The European Commission Horizont Europa (2024-2028 EPIC (101137221)), holds patents (planned/issued/pending) Issued EUROPE (GER; AT; CH; LI; DE; FR; GB; NL) Inventor (15753 627.7), Issued US Patent; Inventor (PCT/EP 2015/067731), Issued EUROPE (GER; CH; LI; DE; FR; NL) Inventor (3 174 588), International Patent Germany (10 2014 215 211.9, 10 2018 114 364.8, 10 2018 110 275.5, 50 2015 010 534.8, 50 2015 010 347.7, 10 2014 215 212.7), participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Prothor (2023), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (2024), Lynx Health Science GmbH (2024), holds a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group (unpaid) at AWMF (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) review boards, Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina e. V. – German National Academy of Sciences – Leopoldina, Berliner Medizinische Gesellschaft, ESICM - European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, ESAIC - European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin - German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI), Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin - German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI), Deutsche Sepsis-Stiftung – German Sepsis Foundation. Björn Weiß received grants or contracts from Future-UKR, German Ministry of Health, Innovation Funds 01VSF21035 (2022), payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Sedana Medical, institutional (2024), Dr. F. Koehler Chemie, institutional and personal (2025), Teladoc Health GmbH (2025), support for attending meetings and/or travel from Teladoc Health GmbH, holds a leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group (unpaid) as DGAI State Chair Berlin. Andreas Edel received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript from Dräger Medical Deutschland GmbH and is a member of the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI), DGAI Round Table Tele-ICU.Franziska Lezius, Karin Steinecke, Stephen Schüürhuis, Anne Herholz, Vadym Terentyuk, Ivan Lisnyy, Khkmat Anvarov, Fathima Paruk, Jens-Peter König, Joachim Grosse and Daniel Hechler declare that they have no competing interests.