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Authors
Sande, Obondo James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-5980
Samuel, Nsawa Ivan
Kongai, Tracy
Bashir, Kisegerwa
Karen, Achom Bino
Katagirya, Eric
Nabatanzi, Rose
Kenyange, Ritah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fogarty International Center (D43TW010132)
CRDF Global (R-202408-72696)
Sub-Saharan African Network for TB/HIV Research Excellence
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2026
Accepted: 25 September 2026
First Online: 3 October 2026
Declarations
Ethical Approval and consent to participate: The primary study received ethical approval from the Makerere University School of Biomedical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (SBSREC) approval number, SBS-638, and Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST), registration number, HS 2609. Prospective approval of the study protocol was sought from the Makerere University School of Biomedical Sciences Research and Ethics Committee (SBSREC), study number SBS-2025-720. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. To ensure the privacy and confidentiality of participants, the collected data was delinked/ anonymized so that it could not be traced back to individual participants. The study was conducted in accordance with legal and regulatory requirements, as well as general principles set forth in the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research involving human subjects and the Declaration of Helsinki. In addition, the study was conducted in accordance with the protocol and GCP guidelines.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
