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Article History

Received: 10 October 2018

Accepted: 21 December 2018

First Online: 5 January 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects who gave DNA samples in accordance to the current edition of the Declaration of Helsinki and the collection of blood samples followed the recommendations given in the Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments. Data collection for the Finnish Twin Cohort has been approved by the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, the ethics committee for epidemiology and public health (HUS-113-E3–01, HUS-346-E0–05, HUS 136/E3/01, HUS 270/13/03/01/2008, HUS 154/13/03/00/11). DILGOM participants provided written informed consent and the Ethics committee of Helsinki University Central Hospital has provided the approval (#46 20.2.2007, #90 3.4.2007, #332 13.03.2013). The protocol was designed and performed according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the coordinating ethics committee of the hospital district of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland. Informed consent was obtained from all participants of NTR study. The study was approved by the Central Ethics Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects of the VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, an Institutional Review Board certified by the U.S. Office of Human Research Protections (IRB number IRB00002991 under Federal-wide Assurance FWA00017598; IRB/institute codes, NTR 03–180).

: Not applicable.

: JK and TK have provided consultation to Pfizer on nicotine dependence and its treatment. RFT has consulted for Apotex, Quinn Emmanuel, and Ethismos and is a member of several scientific advisory boards (e.g., Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse, Quitta, Health Canada (Vaping), and Brain Canada). The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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