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Article History

Received: 16 September 2020

Accepted: 14 February 2021

First Online: 21 April 2021

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: For the study, urine samples were collected (self-collection) from healthy subjects and patients affected by bladder cancer. Each healthy volunteer subject participating to this study signed a consent form provided by Zymo Research Corp. and approved by an internal committee. Urine from bladder cancer patients were collected in accordance with IRB-approved protocols at the Department of Urology, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center (Los Angeles, CA, USA), and at Geneticist Inc. (Glendale, CA, USA).

: Not applicable.

: G. Liang certifies that all conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject of matter or materials discussed in the manuscript (e.g., employment/affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, or patent applications that are pending or issued as patents), are the following: P. Piatti is named, along with W. Guo, X.Y. Jia (Jia), and G. Liang in US and foreign equivalent pending patent applications and issued patents for “Assays to Determine DNA Methylation and DNA Methylation Markers of Cancer” held by Zymo Research Corp. an associate of Pangea Laboratory, LLC. X.Y. Jia is an employee at Zymo Research Corp. and Pangea Laboratory, LLC. Dr. P. Piatti, Dr. Y.C. Chew, M. Suwoto, and T. Yamada are employees at Zymo Research Corp. and independent contractors with Pangea Laboratory, LLC. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.