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Authors
Watkins, Sarah Holmes
Testa, Christian
Simpkin, Andrew J.
Smith, George Davey
Coull, Brent
De Vivo, Immaculata
Tilling, Kate
Waterman, Pamela D.
Chen, Jarvis T.
Diez-Roux, Ana V.
Krieger, Nancy
Suderman, Matthew
Relton, Caroline
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD014304)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1,3, & 5 and MC_UU-00032/1)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1,3, & 5 and MC_UU-00032/1)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1,3, & 5 and MC_UU-00032/1)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1,3, & 5 and MC_UU-00032/1)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1,3, & 5 and MC_UU-00032/1)
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Article History
Received: 13 May 2024
Accepted: 19 June 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol, involving use of both the MBMS and MESA data, was approved by the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Office of Human Research Administration (Protocol # IRB19-0524; June 10, 2019). The original MBMS study protocol, implemented in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000, was approved by the Harvard School of Public Health Office of Human Research Administration (protocol #11950–127, which covered 3 of the 4 health centres through reciprocal IRB agreements), and was also separately approved by the fourth community health centre’s Institutional Review Board. All participants provided written informed consent. Information regarding the MESA protocols and their IRB approvals and other information is available at: .
