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Authors
Huff, Katelyn K.
Bulka, Catherine M.
Clark, Jeliyah
Roell, Kyle R.
O’Shea, T. Michael
Fry, Rebecca C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD092374)
NIH Office of the Director (UH3OD023348)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32ES007018)
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2023
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Local Institutional Review Boards at each of the 14 participating ELGAN sites reviewed and approved all study protocols. Mothers provided informed consent after hospital admission before or shortly following delivery. All datasets accessed in the present study were de-identified.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
