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Authors
Rodriguez, Adrian
Frost, Stephanie
Thomas, Alison M.
Fernandez-Aroca, Diego
Choudhury, Jishan
Tikkas, Georgios
Tinker, Andrew
Munroe, Patricia B.
Bell, Christopher G.
Villar, Diego
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
British Heart Foundation (FS/18/39/33684)
Barts Charity (MGU0501)
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Article History
Received: 3 November 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 29 March 2026
Declarations
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: Research involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained in collaboration with the National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR) Barts Biomedical Research Centre Cardiovascular Bio-Registry from the East of England-Cambridge Central Research Committee (14/EE/0007). Patients at Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust gave informed consent to participate in the study.
: Consent in relation to the Data Protection Act 2018 and (where applicable) the Human Tissue Act 2004, as well as to other applicable laws, has been obtained from the relevant Barts Health NHS Trust patients. We note some of the data reported has been binned or aggregated to comply with data protection, ethical approval and material transfer agreements.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
