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Authors
Shore, Christopher J.
Österdahl, Marc F.
Harvey, Nicholas R.
Zhao, Naisi
Kristiansen, Mark
Michaud, Dominique S.
Steves, Claire J.
Bell, Jordana T.
Duncan, Emma L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Leap (JBGS22\7)
National Institutes of Health (R01 CA207110)
Chronic Disease Research Foundation (CDRF-23/2020 & CDRF-22/2020)
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was carried out under TwinsUK BioBank ethics, approved by North West – Liverpool Central Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 19/NW/0187), IRAS ID 258513. This approval supersedes earlier approvals granted to TwinsUK by the St Thomas’ Hospital Research Ethics Committee, later London – Westminster Research Ethics Committee (REC reference EC04/015), which have now been subsumed within the TwinsUK BioBank. Participants gave informed consent to participate in this study and research conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: The authors confirm that participant data has been fully anonymized, and therefore no specific consent to publish is required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
