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Authors
Bozack, Anne K.
Perez-Garcia, Javier
Rifas-Shiman, Sheryl
Zhou, Yanjiao
Sordillo, Joanne
Lee, Jenny Jyoung
Coull, Brent
Lai, Peggy S.
Oken, Emily
Hivert, Marie-France
Gold, Diane R.
Cardenas, Andres
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K99ES035109)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES000002)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES031259)
NIH Office of the Director (UH3OD023286)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD034568)
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: Mothers provided informed consent at recruitment and postpartum visits. Beginning at the mid-childhood visit, verbal assent was also obtained from the child. All study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Harvard Pilgrim Health Care (IRB reference # 235301) in line with ethical standards established by the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
