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Article History

Received: 21 November 2024

Accepted: 6 March 2025

First Online: 20 March 2025

Declarations

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: All participants provided written informed consent before participating and were compensated. The study was approved by the University of Antioquia (Medellin, Colombia) and the Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, USA) local institutional review boards. Researchers and participants were blind to genetic status.

: SL was supported by an Alzheimer’s Association Research Fellowship (AARF-22–920754). CV-C. was supported by the National Institute on Aging (K99AG073452). LRG was supported by the Alzheimer’s Association Grant AACSFD-21–853089 and has received honoraria for speaking from the American Academy of Neurology. HILJ was supported by the NIH NIA (R01AG062559, R01AG068062, R01AG082006, R21AG074220) and the Alzheimer’s Association (AARG-22–920434). JRG was funded through NIH/NIA K23 AG058805, NIH/NIA R01AG078191, MGH Rappaport Fellowship. YTQ received funding from the NIA (no. R01AG054671; RF1AG077627), the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Executive Committee on Research (MGH Research Scholar Award), the Alzheimer’s Association and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (grant RM1NS132996). The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. YTQ serves as consultant for Biogen. All other co-authors have nothing to disclose.