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Article History

Received: 24 December 2024

Accepted: 27 March 2025

First Online: 26 April 2025

Declarations

:

: All donors had signed an informed consent for brain donation and the use of materials and clinical information for research purposes. The procedures for brain tissue collection of NBB and NABCA have been approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

: Not applicable.

: Laura E. Jonkman reports financial support was provided by Topsector Life Sciences & Health - Topconsortium Kennis en Innovatie (LSH-TKI). Wilma D.J. van de Berg reports financial support was provided by Health Holland, Horizon Europe, Hoffman-La Roche and Genentech. reports relationships with Roche Tissue Diagnositcs, Discoveric Bio and AC Immune that includes: contract research. Reports relationships with Hoffmann-La Roche and Prothena that includes: non-financial support in the form of research consumables. Frederik Barkhof reports relationships with Biogen, Merck, Eisai, and Prothena that include: steering committee or Data Safety Monitoring Board membership. Relationships with Combinostics, Scottish Brain Sciences, and Alzheimer Europe that include: advisory board membership. Relationships with Roche, Celltrion, Rewind Therapeutics, Merck, and Bracco that include: consulting. Relationships with ADDI, Merck, Biogen, GE Healthcare, and Roche that include: research agreements. reports a relationship with NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre that includes: employment. Relationships with Queen Square Analytics LTD that include: Co-founder and shareholder. Femke H. Bouwman reports relationship with Optina Dx and Optos that include: contract research. Reports relationships with biogen that include: paid expert testimony. Reports relationships with Roche that include: speaking and lecturing fees. Elizabeth Gordon, Nicolas Guizard and Thomas Jubault are employees at Qynapse, which holds the IP and rights to the algorithms employed by QyScore in the image analysis used for the manuscript. Jeroen J.M. Hoozemans is employed by F. Hoffmann-La Roche. Baayla D.C. Boon functions as the Programs Chair of the Atypical Alzheimer’s Disease Professional Interest Area, organized by Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (ISTAART). Authors not mentioned here declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.