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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Informed consent on participation was obtained from all patients or a surrogate according to the Declaration of Helsink, and the study was approved by the ethical committee of each participating center.

: Not applicable.

: D. Aarsland reports receiving research support and/or honoraria from AstraZeneca, H. Lundbeck, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, Evonik, Sanofi, Roche, and GE Health and serving as a paid consultant for H. Lundbeck, Eisai, Heptares, and Mentis Cura. H. Zetterberg has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Alzecure, Biogen, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). C.E. Teunissen has a collaboration contract with ADx Neurosciences, Quanterix, and Eli Lilly, performed contract research or received grants from AC-Immune, Axon Neurosciences, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Fujirebio, Grifols, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Novo Nordisk, PeopleBio, Roche, Siemens, Toyama, and Vivoryon. She is an editor of Alzheimer Research and Therapy, and serves on editorial boards of Medidact Neurologie/Springer, and Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. She had speaker contracts for Roche, Grifols, Novo Nordisk. D. Ferreira consults for BioArctic and has received honoraria from Esteve. The remaining co-authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript.