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Authors
Parker, Thomas D.
Bethlehem, Richard A. I.
Seidlitz, Jakob
White, Simon R.
David, Michael C. B.
Kolanko, Magdalena A.
Bernstock, Joshua D.
Dorfschmidt, Lena
Bourke, Niall
Gailly de Taurines, Anastasia
Hain, Jessica A.
Del Giovane, Martina
Graham, Neil S. N.
Zimmerman, Karl A.
Losty, Ethan J. F.
Schöll, Michael
Srikrishna, Meera
Malhotra, Paresh A.
Patel, Maneesh C.
Scott, Gregory
Alexander-Bloch, Aaron F.
Bullmore, Edward T.
Sharp, David J.
,
,
Rosen, Howard
Dickerson, Bradford C.
Domoto-Reilly, Kimoko
Knopman, David
Boeve, Bradley F.
Boxer, Adam L.
Kornak, John
Miller, Bruce L.
Seeley, William W.
Gorno-Tempini, Maria-Luisa
McGinnis, Scott
Mandelli, Maria Luisa
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR Clinical Lectureship
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre
National Institute of Mental Health
National Institutes of Health
Medical Research Council
Alzheimer’s Society
Academy of Medical Sciences
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Swedish Research Council
European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program
Gates Ventures
Swedish government and the County Councils
ALF-agreement
Swedish Brain Foundation
Swedish Alzheimer Foundation
Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg
Västra Götaland Region R&D
Sahlgrenska Science Park
UK Dementia Research Institute
NIHR Advanced Fellowship
Imperial College London NIHR Biomedical Research Centre
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Article History
Received: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 21 September 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: Informed written consent was obtained from all participants included in this paper by the relevant study team. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI): All ADNI participants provided written informed consent at the time of enrollment. The study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of all participating institutions. Data collection and sharing procedures comply with ethical standards for human research and protect participant confidentiality. National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC): Data were obtained from the NACC database, which aggregates data collected from Alzheimer’s Disease Centers across the United States. Each center obtained IRB approval for data collection and informed consent from participants or their legally authorized representatives. All data shared by NACC are de-identified to ensure privacy. Neuroimaging Frontotemporal Dementia (NIFD) Initiative: NIFD participants provided written informed consent under protocols approved by the respective local ethics committees. Data collection adhered to ethical guidelines consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki, and shared datasets are anonymized to protect participant confidentiality.Minder study: Health Research Authority’s London-Surrey Borders Research Ethics Committee—19/LO/0102.
: All participants (or their legal guardians) provided written informed consent for participation in the study and for publication of the anonymized data.
: R.A.I.B, J.S., S.R.W., J.D.B., M.Sc., M.Sr., A.F.A.-B., and E.T.B. are co-founders and have equity in Centile Bioscience. E.T.B. has consulted for Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, SR One and Monument Therapeutics. J.D.B. has an equity position in Treovir Inc. and UpFront Diagnostics. J.D.B. is also on the NeuroX1 and QV Bioelectronics scientific advisory boards. M.Sc. has served on advisory boards for Roche and Novo Nordisk, received speaker honoraria from Bioarctic, Eisai, Genentech, Novo Nordisk and Roche and receives research support (to the institution) from Alzpath, Bioarctic, Novo Nordisk and Roche (outside scope of submitted work). He serves as Associate Editor with Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy.
