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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involving human participants was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology (TMIG) (permit number: OF-23), Niigata University (NU) (approval number: G2018-0034), and the University of Tokyo (UT) (approval number: 5–15). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.The iPSC experiments were conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee at Keio University School of Medicine (approval number: 20080016). Written informed consent was obtained from all donors before sample collection.All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Tokyo (protocol number: P5-04).

: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript for publications. Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

: H. Okano is a scientific consultant for SanBio, Co. Ltd., and K Pharma Inc. The other authors declare neither financial nor non-financial competing interests.