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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 18 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable to this study.

: Clive Ballard has received consulting fees from Acadia pharmaceutical company, AARP, Addex pharmaceutical company, Eli Lily, Enterin pharmaceutical company, GWPharm, H.Lundbeck pharmaceutical company, Novartis pharmaceutical company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Johnson and Johnson pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk pharmaceutical company, Orion Corp pharmaceutical company, Otsuka America Pharm Inc, Sunovion Pharm. Inc, Suven pharmaceutical company, Roche pharmaceutical company, Biogen pharmaceutical company, Synexus clinical research organization and tauX pharmaceutical company and research funding from Synexus clinical research organization, Roche pharmaceutical company, Novo Nordisk pharmaceutical company and Novartis pharmaceutical company. Roger Mills discloses that he is a board member of Addex and Enterin. Jeffrey Cummings has provided consultation to Acadia, Acumen, ALZpath, Annovis, Artery, Axsome, Biogen, Biohaven, Bristol-Myers Squib, Cervomed, Eisai, Fosun, GAP Foundation, Green Valley, Hummingbird Diagnostics. IGC, Janssen, Julius Clinical, Kinoxis, Lighthouse, Lilly, Lundbeck, LSP/eqt, Merck, MoCA Cognition, Novo Nordisk, NSC Therapeutics, Optoceutics, Otsuka, Praxis, ReMYND, Roche, Scottish Brain Sciences, Signant Health, Simcere, sinaptica, T-Neuro, TrueBinding, and Vaxxinity pharmaceutical, assessment, and investment companies. Dr. Cummings is co-founder of CNS Innovations and Mangrove Therapeutics. Zahinoor Ismail has served as an advisor/consultant to CADTH, EISAI, Lilly, Lundbeck/Otsuka, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. Maria Soto declares that she has provided consultation to Acadia, Biogen, MapLight, Bristol-Myers Squib, Lilly, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Roche, Eisai. Jacobo Mintzer declares that his consultancy for ACADIA, the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)-supported Global Council on Brain Health (GCBH), AiOmed, the Alliance for Aging Research, Axsome Therapeutics Inc., Exciva, EQT Group, Genentech (affiliate of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd), Lundbeck, Otsuka/Avanir, and Praxis Bioresearch. Dr. Mintzer is a Steering Committee Member for the Alzheimer’s Clinical Trials Consortium (ACTC), and the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute (ATRI). He is a Board Member of the Alzheimer’s Association, SC Chapter, and the Technology Accelerator Company (TAC), as well as an Association Member of the International Psychogeriatric Association (IPA). Dr. Mintzer is a stockholder and the VP for Clinical Affairs for NeuroQuest, a majority owner of Biopharma Connex, and a majority partner for Recruitment Partners. He is a member of the Nabilone for Agitation Blinded Intervention Trial (NAB-IT) and the Cannabinoid Liquid Medication Intervention Trial (CALM-IT) Data Safety and Monitoring Boards (DSMB). Finally, he is receiving funding to conduct clinical research trials from the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institutes for Health (NIH), the Alzheimer’s Association, Eisai Inc., the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), Cognition Therapeutics, Inc., GHR Foundation, and Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Serge Gauthier is an advisor to SAB for Abbvie, Advantage, Alzheon, AmyriAD, Eisai Canada, Enigma USA, Lilly Canada, Novo Nordisk Canada, TauRx. Carol Routledge discloses she is on the Board of Directors of Alzinova AB. Howard Fillit declares that he is a consultant for Alector. Roger Lane is an employee of, and hold stock/stock options in, Ionis. Anne Corbett discloses financial relationships with Suven and Janssen pharmaceutical companies for consultancy work. All other authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.