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Authors
Duggan, Michael R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1029-4423
Sipilä, Pyry N.
Yang, Zhijian
Wen, Junhao
Erus, Guray
Bilgel, Murat
Lewis, Alexandria
Moghekar, Abhay
Davatzikos, Christos
Resnick, Susan M.
Kivimäki, Mika
Walker, Keenan A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Aging
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: The BLSA protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Institutes of Health (NIH) (03AG0325), and all participants gave written informed consent prior to participation. The UKB study was approved by the National Health Service National Research Ethics Service (11/NW/0382) and all participants gave informed consent.
: All authors have read the manuscript, agreed to its content, and publication.
: K.A.W. is an Associate Editor at Alzheimer’s & Dementia, a member of the Editorial Board of Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, and on the Board of Directors of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. All other authors report no competing interests.
