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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 14 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Oriente (SSMO), Santiago (Chile), institution number IORG0006407. All participants had the capacity to provide informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: TKK has consulted for Quanterix Corporation, SpearBio Inc., Neurogen Biomarking LLC., and Alzheon, has served on advisory boards for Siemens Healthineers and Neurogen Biomarking LLC., outside the submitted work. He has received in-kind research support from Janssen Research Laboratories, SpearBio Inc., and Alamar Biosciences, as well as meeting travel support from the Alzheimer’s Association and Neurogen Biomarking LLC., outside the submitted work. TKK has received royalties from Bioventix for the transfer of specific antibodies and assays to third party organizations. He has received honoraria for speaker/grant review engagements from the NIH, UPENN, UW‐Madison, the Cherry Blossom symposium, the HABS-HD/ADNI4 Health Enhancement Scientific Program, Advent Health Translational Research Institute, Brain Health conference, Barcelona‐Pittsburgh conference, the International Neuropsychological Society, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Quebec Center for Drug Discovery, Canada, all outside of the submitted work. TKK is an inventor on several patents and provisional patents regarding biofluid biomarker methods, targets and reagents/compositions, that may generate income for the institution and/or self should they be licensed and/or transferred to another organization. These include WO2020193500A1: Use of a ps396 assay to diagnose tauopathies; US 63/679,361: Methods to Evaluate Early-Stage Pre-Tangle TAU Aggregates and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients; US 63/672,952: Method for the Quantification of Plasma Amyloid-Beta Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease; US 63/693,956: Anti-tau Protein Antigen Binding Reagents; and 2450702-2: Detection of oligomeric tau and soluble tau aggregates. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Roche, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). The other authors report no conflicts of interest.