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Article History

Received: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating sites, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants at each site.

: Not applicable here.

: E.M., R.R., S.A.P., H.J.W., and A.J.F. report no disclosures relevant to this manuscript. C.G.S. receives research support from the NIH. M.L.S. owns or has owned stock in medical-related companies, unrelated to the current work, within the past 36 months: Align Technology, Inc.; Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Mesa Laboratories, Inc.; Johnson & Johnson; LHC Group, Inc.; Natus Medical Inc.; and Varex Imaging Corporation. C.R.J. is employed by Mayo Clinic. He receives grant funding from the National Institutes of Health (R37 AG011378, R01 AG041851), the Alexander Family Professorship, and the GHR Foundation. Within the past 36 months, he served pro bono on a DSMB for Roche, with no payments to the individual or institution. He has also received funding from the Alzheimer’s Association for travel to scientific meetings. R.C.P. serves as a consultant for Roche, Merck, Biogen, Eisai, Genentech, and Nestlé. He has served on a DSMB for Genentech, receives royalties from Oxford University Press and UpToDate, and receives NIH funding. B.F.B. has served as an investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Alector, Cognition Therapeutics, EIP Pharma, and Transposon. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Tau Consortium, funded by the Rainwater Charitable Foundation. He receives research support from the NIH, the Mayo Clinic Dorothy and Harry T. Mangurian Jr. Lewy Body Dementia Program, the Little Family Foundation, and the Ted Turner and Family Foundation. K.K. was partly funded by the Kathrine B. Andersen Professorship of Women’s Health Research of the Mayo Clinic. She has served on data safety monitoring boards and/or as a consultant for Pfizer, Takeda, and Biogen, and has received research support from Eli Lilly.