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Article History

Received: 11 November 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments and was approved by the ethics committee of the Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Title: Valdecilla Cohort for the study of memory and brain aging. Internal code: 2018.111.All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study.

: Not applicable.

: K.B. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Neurimmune, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Siemens Healthineers; has served on data‐monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials, and participated in educational programs for Biogen, Eisai, and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co‐founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this article. H.Z. has served on scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, Alzinova, ALZPath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave; has given lectures in symposia sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD; and is a co‐founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside the submitted work). The other authors report no conflicts of interest.