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Article History

Received: 7 January 2026

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 20 March 2026

Declarations

:

: According to Italian regulations and institutional policy for observational studies conducted within routine care, formal ethics committee approval was not required. All participants provided written informed consent before treatment initiation, in accordance with the Ministerial Decree of February 11, 1997 and the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.

: Not applicable.

: F. Agosta is Associate Editor of NeuroImage: Clinical and the European Journal of Neurology; has received speaker honoraria from Biogen Idec, Italfarmaco, Roche, Zambon, Lilly, GE Healthcare, Eisai, and Bristol Myers Squibb; and receives or has received research supports from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, AriSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA), the European Research Council (ERC), the EU Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND), and Foundation Research on Alzheimer Disease (France). G. Cecchetti has received speaker honoraria from Neopharmed Gentili and Eli Lilly. E.G. Spinelli received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly. A. Ghirelli received speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly. G. Rugarli has nothing to disclose. S. Pisano has nothing to disclose. F. Coraglia has nothing to disclose. E. Canu has nothing to disclose. V. Castelnovo has nothing to disclose. E. Sibilla has nothing to disclose. A. Gilioli has nothing to disclose. C. Tripodi has nothing to disclose. F. Freri has nothing to disclose. A. Bianchi has nothing to disclose. P. Vezzulli has nothing to disclose. S. Calloni has nothing to disclose. A. Falini has nothing to disclose. AM Samanes Gajate has nothing to disclose. A. Panzacchi has nothing to disclose. G. Pepe has nothing to disclose. C. Ferri has nothing to disclose. A. Chiti reports consulting or advisory role for Blue Earth Diagnostics, Telix Pharmaceuticals, InnovaRadi Therapeutic, and General Electric Healthcare; and Speaker’s Bureaus for Bracco Diagnostics, General Electric Healthcare, Novartis, Telix Pharmaceuticals, and United Imaging; he is Editor in Chief of The EANM Journal. M. Filippi is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Neurological Sciences, and Radiology; received compensation for consulting services from Almirall, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; speaking activities from Amgen, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck, Neopharmed Gentili, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GE Healthcare Ltd, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Takeda; scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme; he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research, and Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla.