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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 7 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Studies were approved by the Human Research Protection Office at Washington University. The research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: DGT, AK and HTQ (who contributed to the statistical analyses pertaining to the biomarker models) are employed by Olink Proteomics (Data Science), part of ThermoFisher Scientific. They were not involved in study design or the generation of the CSF proteomics data. Potential conflicts of interest outside of the submitted work: RT has served as an Editorial Board member of the Neurology journal (unpaid) and Associate Editor of the Biomarker Insights journal (paid). RT currently serves as Editorial Board Member of the NeuroMarkers journal (unpaid). As of Aug 2025, RT has received payments from Springer Nature Switzerland for editorial work on the book “Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Progress and Future Directions”. RT has pending (submitted) patent applications related to biomarkers of brain endothelial injury. SES has served on scientific advisory boards on biomarker testing and education for Eisai and Novo Nordisk and has received speaking fees for presentations on biomarker testing from Eisai, Eli Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. TLSB has received grants or contracts from Siemens paid to her institution, consulting fees from Biogen, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Bristol Myers Squibb, J&J, and Merck and has received technology transfer and precursors for radiopharmaceuticals from Avid Radiopharmaceuticals/Eli Lilly, LMI, and Lantheus, and a scanner loan from Hyperfine to her institution. TLSB has received payment for CME activity from Medscape, PeerView, and Neurology Today, and travel reimbursement from Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Hong Kong Neurological Association and the Alzheimer’s Association. TLSB reports the following patents planned, issued or pending: US patent 16/097, 457 (Diffusion Basis Spectrum Imaging (DBSI): A Novel Diffusion Method Used to Quantify Neuroinflammation and Predict Alzheimer Disease Progression), and US Patent 12-016-701 (Quantitative Differentiation of Tumor Heterogeneity Using Diffusion MR Imaging Data). TLSB has participated in a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board of Siemens and served as an external advisor for NIH-funded studies (no payments). TLSB has served as the co-chair of ASNR Alzheimer’s, ARIA and Dementia Study Group, and RSNA Quantitative Imaging Committee (QuIC) (all unpaid). TLSB has served as a committee member of the American College of Radiology/ALZ NET imaging, NIH CNN Study Section Chair, and had a leadership or fiduciary role in the ACR Commission on Neurology (all unpaid). JH is a paid consultant for AlzPath, Quanterix, and Prothena. DMH co-founded, has equity, and is on the scientific advisory board of C2N Diagnostics. DMH is on the scientific advisory boards of Denali, Genentech, Cajal Neuroscience, and Switch Therapeutics and consults for Roche and Pfizer. CC has received research support from GSK and Eisai. CC is a member of the scientific advisory board of Circular Genomics and owns stocks in that company. CC is a member of the scientific advisory board of ADmit CC and has served on scientific advisory boards for GSK and Novo Nordisk. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.