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Authors
Digma, Leonardino A.
Young, Christina B.
Winer, Joseph R.
Cody, Karly A.
Younes, Kyan
Sheng, Jintao
Insel, Philip S.
Rissman, Robert A.
Sperling, Reisa
Mormino, Elizabeth C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (K99AG071837)
Alzheimer's Association (AARFD-21-849349)
Phil and Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience at the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute
National Institutes of Health, United States (U24 AG074855)
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
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: The A4 study was carried out in concordance with the guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice. The local ethics review board from each study site approved the study protocol. The study protocol is available as supplementary material in the primary publication for the A4 study [ ]. Screening and data collection for the study began in April 2014. The study was completed in June 2023. All study participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: L.A. Digma reports no disclosures; C.B. Young reports no disclosures; J.R. Winer reports no disclosures; K.A. Cody reports no disclosures; K.Younes reports no disclosures; P.S Insel reports no disclosures; R.A. Rissman has received research fundings from the NIA, Alzheimer’s Association, and serves as a consultant for Amydis Inc, Bioivt, Lexeo, Keystone Bio, Allyx, DiamiR, Ionis and PrecisionMed; R. Sperling has received research funding from the NIA, NIH, Alzheimer’s Association, and GHR Foundation, clinical trial funding for public-private partnerships from Eli Lilly and Eisai and Co., and consulting fees from Abbvie, AC Immune, Acumen, Alector, Biohaven, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Genentech, Ionis, Janssen, Merck, Prothena, Roche, Shionogi, and Vaxxinity. E.C. Mormino is a consultant to Neurotrack, Eli Lilly, and Roche and receives funding from the NIH, Simons Foundation, Alzheimer’s Association, and Webb Family Foundation.
