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Article History

Received: 11 February 2026

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All participants signed informed consent to use their medical data and biomaterials for research purposes. The study is approved by the medical ethical committee of the Amsterdam University Medical Centers (reference: 2017.315), and is conducted in accordance with ethical principles (Helsinki declaration 1975).

Competing interests: LK, EC, CT, AL have nothing to disclose. IV performs contract research with Roche Diagnostics and Sysmex. IV received speaker honoraria or consultancy fees from Quanterix, Olink and Neurogen Biomarking. All is paid directly to her institution. JH and LH are full time employees of ALZpath. As of 1-11-2025, WF is executive director at Alzheimer Nederland, Amersfoort the Netherlands. Before 1-11-2025, WF has been an invited speaker at Biogen MA Inc, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), NovoNordisk, Springer Healthcare, European Brain Council. WF has been consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, Biogen MA Inc, Eisai, Eli-Lilly, Owkin France, Nationale Nederlanden Ventures. WF has participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA Inc, Roche, and Eli Lilly. 2024-2025, WF has been member of the steering committee of phase 3 EVOKE/EVOKE+ studies (NovoNordisk). In 2025, WF has been member of the steering committee op phase 3 Trontinemab study (Roche). All funding has been paid to Amsterdam UMC. WF was associate editor of Alzheimer, Research & Therapy in 2020/2021. WF was associate editor at Brain 2021-2025. WF is chair of the Scientific Leadership Group of InRAD. WF is member of Supervisory Board (Raad van Toezicht) Trimbos Instituut. EV has received consultancy fees (paid to the institution) of New Amsterdam Pharma, Treeway, ReMynd, Vivoryon, Biogen, Vigil Neuroscience, ImmunoBrain Checkpoint, Muna Therapeutics, Esai, Eli Lilly, CogRX, Therini, UCB and Roche. Within his university affiliation he is PI of studies of DIAN, AC immune, Alnylam, CogRX therapeutics, New Amsterdam Pharma, Janssen, UCB, Roche, Vivoryon, ImmunoBrain, GSK, MSD, Biogen, Alector, Eli Lilly, AriBio Fuij Film Toyama, GemVax. EV is co-founder van het CANDIDATE Center Amsterdam UMC. EV collaborates on scientific projects with the Dutch Soccer Association (KNVB). RO is currently a full-time employee of Eli Lilly and Company. His contribution to the work presented in this manuscript was performed as an employee of Amsterdam University Medical Centers. RO has given lectures in symposia sponsored by GE Healthcare, received speaker fees from Springer, and was an advisory board/steering committee member for Asceneuron, Biogen, Johnson & Johnson and Bristol Myers Squibb. All the aforementioned has been paid to Amsterdam University Medical Centers. EvdG has performed contract research for Heuron Inc., AC Immune and Roche. EvdG has a consultancy agreement with IXICO for reading PET scans. All support was paid to the institution. CT has research contracts with Acumen, ADx Neurosciences, AC-Immune, Alamar, Aribio, Axon Neurosciences, Beckman-Coulter, BioConnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, C2N diagnostics, Celgene, Cognition Therapeutics, Danaher, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Instant Nano Biosensors, Merck, Muna, Nitrase Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Olink, PeopleBio, Quanterix, Roche, Sysmex, Toyama, Vaccinex and Vivoryon. CT is editor in chief of Alzheimer Research and Therapy, and serves on editorial boards of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Alzheimer’s & Dementia, Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, Medidact Neurologie/Springer, and is committee member to define guidelines for Cognitive disturbances, and one for acute Neurology in the Netherlands. CT has consultancy/speaker contracts for Aribio, Biogen, Beckman-Coulter, Cognition Therapeutics, Danaher, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Neurogen Biomarking, Nordic Biosciences, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Olink, Quanterix, Roche, Sanofi and Veravas.