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Article History

First Online: 7 November 2025

Change Date: 2 December 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The Equal contribution note was corrected.

Declarations

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: Research ethics board approval was obtained for the study from the BC Children’s and Women’s Hospital Research ethics board (H24-00065). Full details of methods are available in Supplementary Appendix .

: The following authors have received grants in the past 36 months for other projects unrelated to this one: TX from Abvie and Pfizer. CM has received grant from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Pfizer; EC from DBV Technologies; SCE from Sanofi; SJ from AMOSO; DA from Regeneron and Sanofi; NT from Sanofi/Regeneron, AVIR, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Medexus; SM from Sanofi, Avir Pharma, Medtronic, Boston Scientifi; MG from Dr. Falk, BMS, Eupraxia, Celgene. The following authors have received consulting fees: KG from Avir Pharma; TX from Abbvie, Avir Pharma, Ferring, Janssen, Knight Pharmaceuticals, Lupin Pharma, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Portola, Takeda, Warner Chilcott (Activis, Allergan); GL from Sanofi, Novartis, Takeda, CSL Behring, Astra Zeneca, Amgen, GSK, Incyte, Biocryst; CM from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Amgen, AVIR Pharma Inc, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Forte Biosciences, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, McKesson, Mirador Therapeutics, Mylan, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences Inc., Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, Tillotts Pharma; DMR from Knight Therapeutics and Sanofi; TVL from ALK-Abelló and Pfizer; SJ at CADTH; SM from Sanofi, Avir; WA from Abbvie, Avir, Amgen, Celltrion, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda; MG from Sanfi/Regeneron, Eupraxia, AstraZeneca, Takeda, Bausch Health, Pentax, AVIR Pharma; MM from Sanofi. The following authors have received Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events: KG from Sanofi/Regeneron, Janssen, Mead Johnson Nutrition; SG from Sanofi-Aventis; Abvie and Amgen; TX from Abbvie, Avir Pharma, Converge, Ferring, Janssen, ICB, Knight Pharmaceuticals, Life Labs, Lupin Pharma, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Pentax, Pharmacosmos, Portola, Procter and Gamble, Sanofi, Shire (Takeda), Warner Chilcott Activis, Allergan; GL from Biocryst, Sanofi, Novartis, Amgen, Astra Xeneca, Takeda; JB from Bayer Inc.; CM from AbbVie, Amgen, AVIR Pharma Inc, Alimentiv, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Merck, Organon, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, Tillotts Pharma; DMR from Knight Therapeutics and Bausch; HHK from Sanofi and Avir; SJ from GSK, Abbvie, Sanofi, Astra Zeneca, L’oreal; WA from Abbvie, Avir, Amgen, Celltrion, Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda; MM from Sanofi, Nutrica. The following authors have received payment for expert testimony: TX from College of Physicians and Surgeons Ontario. The following authors have received Support for attending meetings and/or travel: TX from Knight Pharmaceuticals; DB from AbbVie; TVL from CSACI; DA from Regeneron and Sanofi; NT from Medexus. SJ has received a patent for an online course – eczema explained. The following authors have received funds for Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: KG for Sanofi/Regeneron; TX from Abbvie, Ferring, Knight Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Portola, Takeda, Warner Chilcott (Activis, Allergan); VA from Sanofi; CM from Eupraxia Pharmaceuticals; EC is an advisory board member at ALK, Alladapt, AstraZeneca, Avir Pharma, Bausch Health, Sanofi; HHK is an advisory board member at Sanofi; MS Sanofi Advisory Board Meeting (November 2022); SBC from Medexus, Sanofi, Bausch Health, Pfizer, BioCryst, Alladapt; HP from Adboard for Tremfya (Janssen); NT from Sanofi/Regeneron and AVIR; SM from Sanofi and Avir; MG for Sanofi/Regeneron, AVIR Pharma.The following authors hold a Leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid; TX for College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; BAW as the President-elect, Council for Pediatric Nutrition Professionals of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Chair, Trainee Leadership Committee of the Canadian Nutrition Society; EC at CSACI (Canadian Society of Allergy & Clinical Immunology); TVL for CSACI; SJ at CSACI, OMA (Ontario Medical Association) and a member of the Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Allergy Editorial Board (excluded from peer-review process). CM received royalties or licenses from Springer Publishing. SG has an equity stake in Volo Healthcare. The remaining authors (BAP, HA, AT, HH, JLB, JG, JG, SC, MV, DED) have no conflicts of interest to declare.