Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The present protocol (protocol number: 202308280124) was conducted according to the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participating.

: We confirm that our manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form. The facial image presented in Fig.  is a morphed composite generated from 10 children’s facial images through digital synthesis. This process ensures that the resultant image does not correspond to any actual individual, and all distinctive personal characteristics have been algorithmically blended. In Figs.  and , the eyes of the real face photos are covered to protect privacy.

: The authors declare no competing interests.