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Authors
Zhang, Ge
Peng, Yun
Su, Yan
Mei, Lin
Fang, Jugao
Liu, Yuanhu
Wang, Huanming
Song, Hongcheng
Guo, Dong
Yu, Guoxia
Wang, Shengcai https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8628-5216
Ni, Xin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (2022-1-2092)
Beijing Research Ward Excel lence Program (BRWEP2024W102090111)
Science and Technology Innovation Development Project, Beijing Children’s Hospital, CapitalMedical University, National Center for Children’s Health (YN2020402)
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 30 November 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the ethics committees of the following institutions: (1) Beijing Children’s Hospital (approval number: [2022]-E-097-Y); (2) Beijing Tongren Hospital (approval number: TREC2024-KY093); (3) Shunyi Maternal and Children’s Hospital of Beijing Children’s Hospital (approval number: 2024-020-1).
: The requirement for informed consent was waived by all ethics committees due to the retrospective nature of the study.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
