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Authors
Qin, Rui
Zheng, Chong
Zhang, Yue
Feng, Mengmeng
Zhang, Senhao
Gai, Qun
Liu, Zihang
Li, Tong
Wang, Ximing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Research Cultivation Foundation of Capital Medical University
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Article History
Received: 8 September 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (approval no.: KS2022023-1).
: In view of the retrospective nature of the study, the fully anonymized processing of patient information (no personal identifiers such as names, medical record numbers, or facial features were retained in images and data), the Ethics Committee has officially granted a waiver of informed consent for publication of the involved patient images and data.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
