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Authors
Tao, Guangyu
Wang, Dongying
Cheng, Xin
Lu, Zhenghai
Zhong, Hua
Yu, Hong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82373425)
Medical Innovation Research Special Project of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 23Y11904200)
State Commission of Science Technology of Shanghai (No. 24SF1904000)
State Commission of Science Technology of Shanghai (No. 24SF1904001)
Shanghai Key Laboratory Open Project (No. 22DZ2229005)
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study subjects from the Shanghai Chest Hospital cohort ( n = 431) and the Xinhua Hospital ( n = 65) have been previously reported in Nie et al [ ]. However, this study employed a distinct unsupervised clustering methodology and introduced novel analyses on prognosis, systemic inflammatory status, and predictive chemotherapy benefit, representing a significant extension of that prior work.
: This study received approval from the Ethics Committees of Shanghai Chest Hospital (approval number KS1596, dated August 28, 2019) and Xinhua Hospital (approval number XHECD-2021-137, dated October 18, 2021).
: The requirement for written informed consent was waived due to the deidentification of data.
: All authors have declared no competing interests.
