Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Revised: 17 March 2026

Accepted: 19 April 2026

First Online: 22 May 2026

Ethical approval

: This study was conducted using fully anonymized data provided by the CHAIMELEON project, which adheres to the EU General Data Protection Regulation. As the dataset is publicly available for research purposes, additional ethical approval and informed consent were not required.

: Not applicable.

: Disclosures from the last 36 months within and outside the submitted work: none related to the current manuscript. Outside of the current manuscript: grants/sponsored research agreements from Radiomics SA, Convert Pharmaceuticals, and LivingMed Biotech. He received a presenter fee (in cash or in kind) and/or reimbursement of travel costs/consultancy fee (in cash or in kind) from Radiomics SA, BHV & Roche. L.M.B. is the Emeritus Editor in Chief of Insights into Imaging . P.L. has shares in the companies Radiomics SA, Convert Pharmaceuticals, Comunicare, LivingMed Biotech, BHV, and Bactam. P.L. is co-inventor of two issued patents with royalties on radiomics (PCT/NL2014/050248 and PCT/NL2014/050728), licensed to Radiomics SA; one issued patent on mtDNA (PCT/EP2014/059089), licensed to ptTheragnostic/DNAmito; one non-issued patent on LSRT (PCT/ P126537PC00, US: 17802766), licensed to Varian; three non-patented inventions (softwares) licensed to ptTheragnostic/DNAmito, Radiomics SA and Health Innovation Ventures and two non-issued, non-licensed patents on Deep Learning-Radiomics (N2024482, N2024889). He confirms that none of the above entities were involved in the preparation of this paper. A.J.-P. is a member of the Scientific Editorial Board of Insights into Imaging .