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Authors
Ye, Zhen
Miao, Yingying
Wang, Ping
Han, Qinghe
Gao, Juntian
Wang, Shuang
Ma, Ying
Wei, Xuezhi
Zhang, Hanyun
Cheng, Kailiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-4679
Zhang, Butian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jilin Provincial Department of Health (2023SCZ205)
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Revised: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 19 April 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective multicentre study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University (approval no. 2025101101; date of approval 11 October 2025). The approval covered all participating centres. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable. This study did not include any identifiable individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images or videos). Because only fully de-identified CT imaging and clinical/pathology data were analysed and no additional interventions were performed, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
