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Article History

Received: 4 April 2018

Revised: 4 June 2018

Accepted: 6 June 2018

First Online: 13 July 2018

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The animal experiments were reviewed and approved, and performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the Sunnybrook Research Institute and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Animal Policy and Welfare Committee of the University of Toronto, Ontario Canada. All procedures using animals were approved by the Sunnybrook animal care committee, approval #15–503(M-1) issued 20 Nov 2015 under the auspices of Canadian Council on Animal care.Human umbilical cords were obtained from cesarean sections performed by surgeons from the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki Principles. The protocol was approved by Toronto Academic Health Sciences Network (TAHSN) and University of Toronto-affiliated Sunnybrook Research Institute and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Institutional Ethics Review Board approval (REB number: 017–2011), and after obtaining patient signed informed consent.Normal human skin was obtained from Toronto General Hospital a part of United Health Network (UHN). This skin was “left-over” from abdominal flap tissue that was obtained by surgeons from the Division of Plastic Surgery as a part of breast reconstruction surgery. This sample is left-over or trimmed for the shaping of the flap and would normally be discarded. Patients gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki Principles. The protocol was approved by UHN Research Ethics Board (REB) (approval# 13–6437-CE) issued 24 May 2016.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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