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Article History

Received: 29 July 2024

Accepted: 20 February 2025

First Online: 24 March 2025

Declarations

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: All animal experimental procedures were approved by Hunan University of Medicine General Hospital’s Experimental Animal Ethics Committee. Ethics approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Hunan University of Medicine General Hospital. The project titled “Clusterin-Mediated Polarization of M2 Macrophages: A Mechanism of Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma” was approved on February 12, 2023. The T98G glioblastoma cell line (CRL-1690) was obtained from ATCC (USA), which ensures compliance with ethical guidelines, including informed consent from the original donor and institutional ethical approval for cell line establishment. Further details are available at . The U251 glioblastoma cell line (CC-Y5102) was obtained from Shanghai Enzyme Research Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (China), strictly for research purposes. The supplier follows standard ethical guidelines, but detailed donor consent information is not publicly available.

: All authors confirm their consent for publication.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The authors declare that they have not used Artificial Intelligence in this study.